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Using an ssh-agent, or how to type your ssh password once, safely.

If you work a lot on linux and use ssh often, you quicklyrealize that typing your password every time you connect to a remotehost gets annoying.

Every time you type a password, a snooper has an extra chance to see it. Every host you ssh to with which you use your password, well, has to know your password. Or a hash of your password. In any case, you probably have typed your password on that host once or twice in your life (even if just for passwd, for example).

1. SSH keys allow you to make connections without a password that are—counterintuitively—more secure than connections that use password authentication. When you make a connection request, the remote computer uses its copy of your public key to create an encrypted message that is sent back to your computer.
2. Some server providers, such as Amazon EC2 and Google Compute Engine, disable SSH password authentication by default. That is, you can only log in over SSH using public key authentication. SFTP is a protocol that runs over SSH, so this means SFTP using passwords will not work by default when SSH password authentication is disabled.

Not only that, it is not the best solution in terms of security either:

• Every time you type a password, a snooper has an extra chance to see it.
• Every host you ssh to with which you use your password, well, has to know your password. Or a hash of your password. In any case, you probably have typed your password on that host once or twice in your life (even if just for passwd, for example).
• If you are victim of a Man In The Middle attack, your password may get stolen. Sure, you can verify the fingerprint of every host you connect to, and disable authentication without challenge and response in your ssh config. But what if there was a way you didn't have to do that?

This is where key authentication comes into play: instead of using a passwordto log in a remote host, you can use a pair of keys, and well, ssh-agent.

Ssh Config With Password Download

Using ssh keys

All you have to do is:

1. generate a pair of keys with ssh-keygen. This will create two files: a public key (normally .pub), and a private key. The private key is normally kept encrypted on disk. After all, it's well, supposed to be private. ssh-keygen will ask you to insert a password. Note that this password will be used to decrypt this file from your local disk, and never sent to anyone. And again, as the name suggest, you should never ever disclose your private key.

2. copy your public key into any system you need to have access to. You can use rsync, scp, type it manually, or well, use the tool provided with openssh: ssh-copy-id. Note that you could even publish your public key online: there is no (known) way to go from a public key to your private key and to get access to any of your systems. And if there was a way, well, public key encryption would be dead, and your bank account likely empty.

and .. 3ware motherboards driver download. done! That's it, really, just try it out:

So.. what are the advantages of using keys? There are many:

1. Your passphrase never leaves your local machine. Which generally makes it harder to steal.
2. You don't have a password to remember for each different host. Or..
3. .. you don't have the same password for all hosts you connect to (depending on your password management philosophies).
4. If somebody steals your passphrase, there's not much he can do without your private key.
5. If you fear somebody has seen your passphrase, you can change it easily. Once. And for all.
6. If there is a 'man in the middle', he may be able to hijack your session. Once (and well, feast on your machine, but that's another story). If a 'man in the middle' got hold of your password instead, he could enjoy your machine later, more stealthy, for longer, and may be able to use your password on other machines.
7. They just work. Transparently, most of the times. With git, rsync, scp, and all their friends.
8. You can use an agent to make your life happier and easier.

And if you're wondering what an agent is, you can go to the next section.

Your agent friend

Ok. So you have read this much of the article, and still we have not solved theproblem of having to type your password every freaking time, have we?

That's where an agent comes in handy. Think of it as a safe box you have tostart in the background that holds your keys, ready to be used.

You start an ssh-agent by running something like:

in your shell. You can then feed it keys, with ssh-add like:

or, if your key is in the default location, you can just:

ssh-add will ask your passphrase, and store your private key into thessh-agent you started earlier. ssh, and all its friends (including git,rsync, scp..) will just magically use your agent friend when you try tossh somewhere. Convenient, isn't it?

Assuming you added all the keys you need, you can now ssh to any host,as many times as you like, without ever ever having to retype your password.

Not only that, but you can exploit agent forwarding to jump from one hostto another seamlessly.

Let me give you an example:

• Let's say you have to connect to a server at your office.
• Let's say this server is firewalled. In order to ssh there, you first need to ssh into another gateway. Sounds familiar, doesn't it? This means you end up doing:

On this second ssh, what happens? Well, if you type your password, yourcleartext password is visible to the gateway. Yes, it is sent encrypted,decrypted, and then through the console driver fed to the ssh process.If a keylogger was running, your password would be lost.

Worst: we are back to our original problem, we have to type our passwordmultiple times!

We could, of course, store our private key on the company gateway and runan agent there. But that would not be a good idea, would it? Remember:your private key never leaves your private computer, you don't wantto store it on a remote server.

So, here's a fancy feature of ssh and ssh-agent: agent forwarding.

On many linux systems, it is enabled by default: but if you pass -A tothe first ssh command (or the second, or the third, ..), ssh willensure that your agent running on your local machine is usable from theremote machine as well.

For example:

The second ssh here, run from the company gateway, will not ask youfor a password. Instead, it will detect the presence of a remote agent,and use your private key instead, and ask for no password.

Sounds dangerous? Well, there are some risks associated with it, whichwe'll discuss in another article. But here is the beauty of the agent:

Your private key never leaves your local computer. That's right.By design, the agent never ever discloses your private key, itnever ever hands it over to a remote ssh or similar. Instead,ssh is designed such as when an agent is detected, the informationthat needs to be encrypted or verified through the agent is forwardedto the agent. That's why it is called agent forwarding, andthat's why it is considered a safer option.

Configuring all of this on your machine

So, let's summarize the steps:

1. Generate a set of keys, with ssh-keygen.
2. Install your keys on remote servers, with ssh-copy-id.
3. Start an ssh-agent to use on your machine, with eval ssh-agent.
4. ssh-add your key, type your password once.
5. Profit! You can now ssh to any host that has your public key without having to enter a password, and use ssh -A to forward your agent.

Easy, isn't it? Drivers alef-bet laptops & desktops. Where people generally have problems is on how andwhere to start the ssh-agent, and when and how to start ssh-add.

The long running advice has been to start ssh-agent from your .bashrc,and run ssh-add similarly.

In today's world, most distributions (including Debian and derivatives),just start an ssh-agent when you first login. So, you really don't haveanything to do, except run ssh-add when you need your keys loaded,and be done with it.

Still many people have snippets to the extent of:

in their .bashrc, which basically says 'is there an ssh-agent already running? no? start one, and add my keys'.

This is still very annoying: for each console or each session you login into, youend up with a new ssh-agent. Worse: this agent will run forever with your privatekeys loaded! Even long after you logged out. Nothing and nobody will ever kill your agent.

So, your three lines of .bashrc snippet soon becomes 10 lines (to cache agents on disk),then it breaks the first time you use NFS or any other technology to share your homedirectory, and then.. more lines to load only some keys, some magic in .bash_logout tokill your agent, and your 4 lines of simple .bashrc get out of control

Conclusion

I promised myself to talk about the pitfalls of using an agent and common approachesto solving the most common problems in a dedicated article. My suggestion for now?

Ssh Config File With Password

• Use the ssh-agent tied with your session, and managed by your distro, when one is available (just try ssh-add and see if it works!).

• Use -t to ssh-add and ssh-agent, so your private key is kept in the agent for a limited amount of time. One hour? 5 miutes? you pick. But at the end of that time, your key is gone.

• Use something like ssh-ident, to automatically maintain one or more agents, and load ssh keys on demand, so you don't even have to worry about ssh-add.

For full disclosure, I wrote ssh-ident. Surprisingly, that still doesn't preventme from liking it.

Some server providers, such as Amazon EC2 and Google Compute Engine, disable SSH password authentication by default. That is, you can only log in over SSH using public key authentication.

SFTP is a protocol that runs over SSH, so this means SFTP using passwords will not work by default when SSH password authentication is disabled.

To enable SSH password authentication, you must SSH in as root to edit this file:

Then, change the line

to

After making that change, restart the SSH service by running the following command as root:

Enable Logging In as root

Some providers also disable the ability to SSH in directly as root. In those cases, they created a different user for you that has sudo privileges (often named ubuntu). With that user, you can get a root shell by running the command: Ain driver download for windows.

If you instead want to be able to directly SSH in as root, again edit this file:

And change the line

to

After making that change, restart the SSH service by running the following command as root:

Ssh Config With Password Generator

If you enable this setting, don't forget to set a strong password for root by running the command.